Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development was developed in the 1950s and 1960s, outlining the stages individuals progress through in their moral reasoning from childhood to adulthood. A question about Kohlberg on the ASWB exam might look something like this:
Which of the following represents the highest level of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory?
A) Interpersonal Relationships
B) Social Contract and Individual Rights
C) Obedience and Punishment Orientation
D) Maintaining Social Order
Do you know the answer? If not, keep reading. In this post, we’ll get you acquainted (or reacquainted) with Kohlberg's theory, the stages, and discuss its implications on personal growth and ethical decision-making–everything you might need to answer a question on the social work licensing exam (or any other exam covering the material).
Kohlberg's theory is based on three levels of moral development, each comprising two stages. These levels represent the evolution of an individual's moral reasoning as they progress through life.
Level 1: Preconventional Morality
At level one, individuals typically exhibit self-centered thinking, making decisions based on personal gains and avoiding punishment. The two stages in this level are:
Stage 1 - Obedience and Punishment Orientation: At this stage, individuals make choices to avoid punishment. They believe that actions are either right or wrong based on the consequences they receive.
Stage 2 - Individualism and Exchange: In this stage, the focus shifts to satisfying personal needs. Decisions are made with an understanding that actions should lead to a positive outcome for oneself.
Level 2: Conventional Morality
At level two, individuals start considering societal norms and rules when making moral decisions. Maintaining social order and gaining approval become significant influences. The two stages in this level are:
Stage 3 - Interpersonal Relationships: Individuals in this stage value interpersonal relationships and strive to be seen as a "good person" by others. They adhere to societal expectations and seek approval.
Stage 4 - Maintaining Social Order: At this stage, the focus shifts to obeying laws, following rules, and preserving social order. Moral decisions are influenced by a sense of duty and loyalty to society.
Level 3: Postconventional Morality
This level represents a higher level of moral development, where individuals develop their moral principles beyond societal norms. Kohlberg suggested that not everyone reaches this level. The two stages in this level are:
Stage 5 - Social Contract and Individual Rights: At this stage, individuals recognize the importance of social contracts and individual rights. They understand that societal rules are necessary but can be modified through collective agreement.
Stage 6 - Universal Principles: The final stage involves individuals guided by universal ethical principles. They act on personal beliefs of justice, equality, and human rights, even if it means going against the established norms.
Did that all sink in? Let's find out. Here's that question again:
Which of the following represents the highest level of moral development according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory?
A) Interpersonal Relationships
B) Social Contract and Individual Rights
C) Obedience and Punishment Orientation
D) Maintaining Social Order
Correct Answer: B) Social Contract and Individual Rights (which is Stage 5)
Social Contract and Individual Rights represents the highest of the offered levels of moral reasoning. This stage goes beyond adhering to societal norms and focuses on principles of justice and fairness. Only Universal Principles (Stage 6) is higher.
Got it? Great.
Want more? Find links and a helpful video about Kohlberg’s stages here.
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